Obama Represents Zeitgeist of 2008 Essay Example for Free

Obama Represents Zeitgeist of 2008 Essay Being born in a black-white family, experiencing hardships throughout the child and teen stages, Barack Obama, as the first African American President of the United States, embodied dreams of thousands of people, both black and white. Obama became a symbol of the new U. S. history and personifies the brand new page, which is uncertain for the world, but rather clear for American citizens. What was the turning point in the minds of Americans to choose African American, as a new president? What kind of precondition made them take a man out of former ‘slaves’ and ‘despised’ people? These answers will be followed up by the closer look at Barack Obama, yet, at this moment, it is clear that Americans have felt the spirit that communicates between black and white, suffering and freedom, revolution and stability – the spirit of 2008. Most agree that Barack Obama has already changed the U. S. and is going to change the world. What is so important in this man and why is he important to the United States? He was hurt at 3-year old age for the first time, when his parents divorced. As a result of a single-parent family, he was raised up without self-esteem in a segregated environment. There was no one behind or next to him to give a hand in daily hardships; therefore, he became drug addict and trouble maker during the high school. At that time, one could hardly tell that out of this unmotivated and self-degraded teen would raise a state senator, followed by the U. S. senator, and the U. S. President consequently. Though, Obama had no goal in life, because there was no one to show it, the spirit of revolt and revolution had been showing him the ways out of hopelessness. Being a member of isolated society, he managed to cope with odds and unequal opportunities. ‘Negroes’ were not allowed to attend the same schools, hospitals, institutions, as the ‘whites’ did. It was the page in history, when Obama was born and raised. But, these very restrictions and limitations had paved the way for Obama’s success, making his nature stronger and character unbroken. â€Å"77230472_Obama Represents Zeitgeist of 2008† â€Å"Page #1† As was mentioned by Nick Bryant, â€Å"to become a history-defying candidate he has been something of a history-denying figure. † (BBC News) And it is true. At present, Barack Obama had to solve the civil-right paradox, so that he could appear on the U. S. Capitol steps and show the whole world that skin does not matter, inner spirit – that’s what matters. This is the point that united Barack with America – there is no chance for hopelessness. No matter what the world is saying – let him turn away from you; no matter what society is saying – you may change it. Chance was not on his side, yet he has national identity. Barack Obama, as well as the United States, is focused on freedom, as the utmost human value. This very spirit gave the American colonies fight against oppression and misunderstanding, making the nation #1 in the world. No doubt, America is facing the hard times – shaking economy, unstable oil prices, mortgage crisis and global confrontation, headed by the EU. Yet, we may argue that the United States have already passed more severe tests and can put up with this one, having the right leader and right course. What is the difference in calling Obama inexperienced or naive, his inspiration reminds people that once the nation had ideals and dreams, had convictions and beliefs. Martin Luther King’s dream for America, which was spoken two years after Obama was born in 1963, is fulfilled now. Some things that seemed impossible are embodied now. Barack Obama, just like the United States, has made a leap over the illicit barrier to make something whole out of broken, to build on sinking ground. The American zeitgeist of revolution has been imbuing Obama, and the election 2008 has reflected the American notion of equal opportunity. The President of the United States is given a chance to make his values real and reveal life battle on a larger scale. The life of Barack Obama personifies confidence and victory now, rather than destruction and uncertainty at first. Hope to see the same results in the U. S. economy and its place on the global arena, as we look at American spirit that outpours in Obama’s beliefs. Work cited: Bryant, Nick. â€Å"How Barack Obama defied history†. BBC News. 5 Nov. 2008. 1 Dec. 2008 http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/americas/us_elections_2008/7710449. stm.

Charlie Chaplin :: essays research papers

When Charlie Chaplin was a little boy, a sheep escaped on its way to a slaughterhouse near where he lived. Charlie and other youngsters chased the sheep around, laughing and having fun. But when it was taken away, Charlie realized the sad finality of death and cried to his mother. That incident paved the way for the theme of Charlie’s future filmmaking career. Comedy mixed with pathos made perfect sense to him. He was also an everyman character, a lost soul, a wanderer - he embodied the American soul. He could be anyone. Chaplin was born Sir Charles Chaplin after his father on April sixteenth, 1989. His mother, Hannah Chaplin, was often put in mental houses and his brother Sydney and him were put into children’s workhouses. His father whom he almost never saw died of alcoholism. Charlie’s childhooCharlie directed and produced it. Its length is six reels, roughly an hour long. The Kid expertly showed Charlie’s use of pathos in his work, if perhaps too much pathos this time The Gold Rush. This 1925 film was a favorite of Chaplin’s. Charlie plays a lone prospector on a gold seeking quest in the Sierra Nevadas. Seeing shelter, he stumbles into a cabin where the villainous Black Larson lives. Black Larson doesn’t like this new guest and tells him to leave, rifle in hand. Charlie tries to leave, but a hilarious wind keeps blowing him back into the cabin. During this escapade in blows another luckier prospector, Big Jim McKay. Jim and Larson fight, and Larson goes off to find food for the trio. Meanwhile, the starving Charlie and Jim have the trademark meal of Charlie’s cooked boot. In this scene, Charlie eats the boot like it were a fine meal at a fine restaurant, twirling the laces around a fork like spaghetti. Later on they bid farewell, and Charlie finds a town with a love interest of his, Georgia. He invites her to a New Years Eve dinner, which she doesn’t come to. At the dinner, we see Charlie dozed off at the table, and he dreams that the Georgia came. Here is another trademark scene, the dance of the dinner rolls. Charlie spears two dinner rolls with his fork, and bowing his head down over them, he makes them dance and twirl. Big Jim shows up at the town now, and sees Charlie, telling him if he they find Black Larson’s cabin, they will find gold and be rich.

Differences between Spearman and Gardner Essay

Edward Spearman’s name is almost synonymous with general intelligence, or â€Å"g† for short. He invented the first form of factor analysis, and proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence. He had sort of a math formula that said every activity involves a general factor plus a specific factor. (G + S). From these theories, he said that people who do well on intelligence tests also do well on a variety of intellectual tasks. â€Å"Vocabulary and mathematical and spatial abilities†. (Wilderdom, 2003). So for example of â€Å"g†, Spearman would theorize that people who score well on a verbal test have a lot of intelligence, but they are affected by their abilities to perform verbal tasks. In laments terms, if you scored well on a verbal test, you studied and have the brain capacity to understand and comprehend the material. Howard Gardner on the other hand has a different point of view on intelligence. Instead of one main intelligence to focus on, he has seven. â€Å"Verbal, Mathematical, Musical, Spatial, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, and intrapersonal functioning’s† (Wilderdom, 2003). While these are all forms of intelligence, they function separately he argues. Gardner goes a different route than Spearman basing he theories on biological facts. â€Å"Premise 1: If it can be found that certain brain parts can distinctively map with certain cognitive functioning, then that cognitive functioning can be isolated as one candidate of multiple intelligences. Premise 2: Now it has been found that certain brain parts do distinctively map with certain cognitive functioning, as evidenced by certain brain damage leading to loss of certain cognitive function† (Washington U, 2002). These theories give a basis for multiple intelligences. Biologically, Gardner determines that the brain is the major player in the equation. For example; if a person was physically  handicapped, he determined that the particular part of the person brain that controlled motor functions was damaged. The differences between the two psychologist’s theories are basically the same, but explained differently. Spearman’s theories are narrow focusing on one general type of intelligence, G and reaction time. Gardner’s theories are essentially the same but broader focusing on multiple intelligences. Point here is that Gardner doesn’t believe that one intelligence can be sufficient to determine intelligence. As for overall use of these theories, Spearman’s theory has more evidence that it works compared to Gardner’s theory. The proof conquers that there is a connection between someone’s IQ and simple everyday tasks. The only place where Spearman’s theory is suspect is that it doesn’t account for all people. Example; if you gave a poor child an intelligence test, they would probably score poorly thus be deemed to have a below average intelligence. However, the child probably knows how to do basic math to survive and get by, consequently, it can’t take into account different talents that certain individuals have. Gardner also has the same critiques with his theory. A lot of people don’t prefer this method because it is too excessive and has too many components to gauge and measure. His theory has a very casual explanation, but due to the variety of different components to the theory, it’s difficult to pinpoint the exact cause and effect of a situation, and since no one has accurately figured out the complexities and diagramed an accurate depiction of the brain, I would have to call the theory hypothetical. References Spearman â€Å"g†, (2003). Retrieved on June 26th 2004, from, http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/L1-5KeyPlayers.html. Han S. Palik, One intelligence or many? (2002). Retrieved on June 25th 2004, from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/paik.html.

What Really Caused the Recession in the United States in...

What really caused the recession in the United States in the 1980s? There was a great economic decline in the late 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s where there was a decline in trade and industrial activity. The 1980s was not a good time for the United States because the Regan Administration during this period began a 30-year period of financial deregulation. When president Regan was elected into office he promised the Americans that he would bring to an end the supply- sides economics. He argued that economic growth in the United States would be created effectively by lowering barriers for people to supply goods and services, as well as, invest. Therefore, his first move after he entered into office was to deregulate banks and oil. For that reason, there was a sharp expansion in the financial sector because there was also an expansion in the banking industry. There was an increase in the number of investment banks that went public; hence, bringing a very huge sum of the stake holder capital. This essay aims at looking at what caused factors led to the recession in the 1980s as the period saw many employees being arrested for financial fraud. The economy of the United States had gone through a tremendous change as even employees’ salaries had been increased by a 25 % increase even those who were not working for the investment banks (Ehrman, 143). The employees working for the investment banks saw a 150% increment in their salary (Cynamon, Steven Mark, 67). TheShow MoreRelatedEssay about 1980 s Double Dip Recession1407 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿1980’s Double Dip Recession Overview I. Introduction The 1980-1982 Double Dip recession brings up the curiosity of how the stagflation of the seventy’s affected the early eighty’s in which it caused the Fed and the USA congress to be switching back and forth from stimulus and restraints causing us to fall to our first recession. Then not till later we will see that Paul Voucher Chairman of the Board of Governors use heavy monetary restraints to control the inflation and ending the first recessionRead MoreThe Success Of The 1980 S1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The 1980’s were a period of many different innovations, studies, misfortunes, and explorations in the United States. This was a decade full of outspoken, optimistic and assertive Americans, this was a time for change. It was really a period that kind of refreshed the US and created a more confident country. There were many people that were trying to find a voice for themselves and realizing that people have a voice and it should be used and heard. Not only were thingsRead MoreThe Crisis Of 2008 And Its Effects On The Economy1361 Words   |  6 Pagescaribbean, because that s where they get most of their money. A financial crisis is applied in various situations where a large number of financial institutions, including banks and credit unions lose a large amount of money due to the economy. Throughout the years economist have come up with various arguments about how most financial crisis develop, and how they can be avoided in the future. You can still expect to see the financial crisis around the world often, but the really bad ones occur aboutRead MoreThe American Dream And The Mortgage Crisis Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesinstance, in the United States, the â€Å"American Dream† to own a home had a huge influence on the mortgage crisis in 2008. However, the economy at that time period had been inducing people to buy new home. Likewise, in Greece, the growing trend of corruption and bribery among the people played a major role in shattering its economy. As a consequence of the dreadful economy, Greek people are revolting against their government. While Greece is trying to recove r from its devastated state, the overrated AmericanRead MoreThe Economic Situation Of Latin America2306 Words   |  10 PagesMexico: Experiences in the 1980’s and challenges for the future, and in, Latin American countries underwent the worst economic recession during the 1980’s. The distribution of incomes after the 1940’s was a radical change because there was a huge gap between poverty level and the elite members of society. After that point in history it has continued the same way up until contemporary times. The considerable difference in the income inequality and the high poverty rates is what interested me and in particularlyRead MoreThe Economic Situation Of Latin America2506 Words   |  11 PagesMexico: Experiences in the 1980’s and challenges for the future, Latin American countries underwent the worst economic recession during the 1980’s. The distribution of incomes after the 1940’s was a radical change because there was a hu ge gap between poverty level and the elite members of society. After that point in history it has continued the same way up until contemporary times. The considerable difference in the income inequality and the high poverty rates is what interested me and in particularlyRead MoreThe Republic Of Dominican Republic1338 Words   |  6 Pagespeople started to become interested in what the country had to offer. Problems began to arise when people did not have many jobs to support themselves with. Economically the country was suffering but many things were experimented to increase the overall income of the people. Soon, agriculture was not the only source of income. The country relied on tourism, agriculture, and many other things to help them provide jobs to the people. Around the late 1980’s and 1990’s, the GDP fell by 5% and price inflationRead MoreThe Importance of Low Aggregate Volatility in the US Economy2087 Words   |  8 PagesSince the mid 1980’s the United States economy has been characterized by low inflation and low volatility in the market. The Former Fed chairman Ben Bernanke has even gone as far to say that the Fed has tamed the business cycle. Supporters of this idea believed that deregulation of the financial sector and controlling inflation would bring long expansions and limited recessions. What were the factors that caused this period of stable economic growth? This period of low volatility was due to bothRead MoreEssay on The Credit Crunch2520 Words   |  11 PagesIn the late 2000’s what was known as the â€Å"Global Recession† or â€Å"The Credit Crunch† occurred. The only financial crisis comparable to the recent 2008 United State recession was the Great Depression, which occurred in the 1930’s. The financial crisis of the late 2000’s resulted in the downfall of the largest financial institutions as measured by market capitalization vales. The situation created the need for governments and regulators to bailout most banks and caused dramatic drops in stock marketRead MoreInformation Management Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthese machines quickly evolved from punch card machines to mainframes and spools of magnetic tape. This led to the introduction of the Structured Query Language (SQL) in the 1970s. During this time, IBM mainframe computers were widely used in business3. The evolution of file-sharing and the World Wide Web in the 1990s as a medium of information archiving and organization had the biggest impact on the information management and consulting field. The introduction of the internet created an almost

China s Problems Of Dystopian Society - 1426 Words

China s Problems Andrew Bond Ms. Underhill HELA November 21 2016 China has been the biggest economic structure for quite along time, but there are horrible reasons for these, and these decisions are made by the people s republic of china. The people s republic is China s government, and they make all the decisions.A dystopian society is an unbalance in a nation about the people and the government; such as china, the people s republic of china, or their government, makes many decisions that have affected their country. The three points one can analyze through researching the topic of dystopian societies are the influence of the government, the impacts and change the people s republic made on china, and the how literature can be used to educate people about the problems in a dystopian society and the progression toward inequality. Outline Introductory Paragraph with thesis First Body Paragraph: Point One changes the leader made Has built up the economy dangerously close to a crash The people s republic , or the Chinese government, has made many statements about Tibet being a lop sided region. They are trying to use Tibet as another factory to help China s economy get better.According to the people s republic they are creating a policy of rapid economic growth. Horrible human rights Has made people created people s life work on specific things Second Body Paragraph: Point two The way the changes affected the country May create a breakShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Catch 22 s ( 1961 ) Depiction Of War And Mr. Robot s Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesCatch 22’s (1961) depiction of war and Mr. Robot’s (2015) dystopian hacking reality are both satirical pieces which expose human weaknesses within their main characters and the societal ideologies around them to educate us and entertain us in different mediums. In Catch 22, Heller exposes the psychological state of war through Yossarian’s anxiety-stricken attempts to deconstruct the concept of war, in order to explain to the reader, the bureaucratic and logical madness of the military. Sam Esmail’sRead MoreThe Monster s Body Is A Culture Body Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesGodzilla is the favorite monster in Japan and which is embodiment of the culture desire of the powerful and strong country. The monster presents as the most famous pop culture icon of Japan whose role is to solve politico-social conflict. The early 50â€℠¢s were extremely difficult time in the World history. At this time, after WOW II, in the world occurs worsening of the politico-social conflict between the major world powers. Japan becomes the place where the tragedy is occurred and as a result of whichRead MoreAmericas Family Planning Programs1534 Words   |  7 Pageschange the local culture from having traditionally larger families for social security, to smaller ones, governments implement a national family planning program. Family planning programs are most commonly applied to areas with high birth rates such as China, India and java in Indonesia, in attempt to lower population, however, in the case of Greece’s family planning, it aims to reduce women’s abortion rates. In many countries, governments have ulterior motives for reducing population, some are positiveRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 Pageslimited resources. Essentially, economics deals with the production, distributi on, and consumption of goods and services. The societies in the books 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 both take advantage of some form of an economic system, whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States. An economic system is how a society deals with these factors. The three main questions that an economic system is supposed to answer are: What will we produce? HowRead MoreThe Historical And Cultural Context Of The Novels Essay2020 Words   |  9 PagesTwo very contradicting stances on this issue demonstrate the conflict that arouse after World War I: while some believed that technology still meant progress, others condemned their use. It is with great unease that readers of dystopian novels realize that the imperfect society is not about technology gone wrong, but man and human ambition going wrong (Golder 2015: XX). 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This novel tells a story about a dystopian future where technology is used to control people - from the way they ar e born or decanted to the way they live their lives as consumers to establish stability in the society. Just like the society in the novel Brave New World, our society is indoctrinated to become consumer. To make matters worse, we are forced to believe that we need to buy goods that we do notRead More`` This Changes Everything : Capitalism Vs. The Climate ``1799 Words   |  8 Pageshostages of this mantra. Naomi Klein attempts with her book â€Å"This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate†, attempts to reboot contemporary thinking around this notion. The author is an award-winning activist journalist and author of the world s best bestsellers No logo, no space, no choice, no work and Shock Doctrine. How Modern Capitalism Uses Natural Disasters and Social Crises. She is engaged with several liberal magazines, including Rolling Stone and The Guardian. â€Å"This Changes Everything:Read MoreCensorship: An Obstacle for True Democracy1869 Words   |  8 PagesCensorsh ip has been used by governments and influential groups throughout history as a tool for political and economic gain since ancient times. The Romans thought censorship was necessary to shape the morals of society to match up with government ideals. During the 1500s the Catholic Church banned certain texts that conflicted with the established religion from being read. In these times the idea of censorship was viewed differently that it is today. With powerful organizations limiting informationRead MoreThe Role of a Good City Thinking: Utopia, Dystopia and Heterotopia2448 Words   |  10 Pagesfuture means? How is possible to imagine something in the future? What is the role of this exercise? City and Society When thinking about the good city naturally every person imagines a physical condition to be improved but the physical environment is not the only force that shapes the city. For example, city and urban society cannot be detached (Lefebvre, 1970/2003). Hence the urban society is, combined with the city, an important force in urban development. â€Å"Thus, no discussion of the good life

Technology And Its Detrimental Effect On Children

Luke Stafford En 102 Essay 4 6/22/2015 Technology is a large part of everyday life in the 21st century, and the effects of its power over our culture are clearly visible in multiple ways. For example, social media is the most popular form of communication and using the internet and computers seems second nature to us, especially in the form of entertainment. Many children today have never known a time when they didn’t have access to the internet, a television, or a cell phone. Everything is accessible at anytime and anywhere. While there are many benefits to technological advancements such as easier teaching, instant feedback, and simpler communication, there are also many shortcomings and negative effects, especially on young children. In this essay I will explore ideas such as technology and its detrimental effect on children, and the importance of how children learn and are impressionable in the categories of learning and focus. Most people can say that they have seen a young child playing on their mother’s cell phone or tablet. Many can say that they have seen young boys and girls playing video games and computer games. Parents these days have given their children access to technology on a large scale in order to keep them entertained. Technology can be helpful for children’s learning, but it can also be very detrimental. There are too many distractions for children and when they have unlimited access to a game or show, it can be a problem. It limits theirShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Overuse Of Technology On Human Health1253 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of overuse of Technology on Human Health Technology has become a major part of human activities today. People engage in different activities through the use of technology for communication, traveling, and different devices used in every career. Despite the fact that technology has eased the performance of different tasks, it has a detrimental effect on human health. It has an effect on people across all ages and results in health effects such as depression, obesity, brain tumors, musculoskeletalRead MoreVideo Time Is Good Or Bad For Kids1376 Words   |  6 Pagesfor children to develop and interact more quickly in today’s age. However, some parents have been concerned that too much technology usage may in fact interfere with children’s development. While the two opposing sides have differing opinions on how screen time affects children, both sides agree on doing whatever is best for the better development of children and adolescents. In an era like the twenty-first century, it is not unusual for children all over America to be exposed to technology. TheRead MorePlay Station And Video Games1710 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Play Station and video games are technologies used for entertainment across all age groups all around the world. The young children aged from 5 to 10 years old occupy the largest percentage of users. Today there is wide variety of games attributed to the advancement in technology. The report is a detailed documentation of the impact of gaming on children with references to recent scholarly articles. It also touches on other involved parties in the management of the media entertainmentRead MoreNegative Effect of the IPad on Our Youth Essay802 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing the effect of such environments on children as young as the age of six, and many experts disagree with this practice. This essay will discuss the negative effects of younger children using devices (predominately iPads). Some of these reasons include: the negative effect iPads have on a developing childs social skills; the way these devices hinder muscle development, especially in the region of the hand and wrist; the possibility of becoming addicted; and the detrimental repercussions onRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Technology1541 Words   |  7 PagesJust a few decades ago, the technology we have today were merely ideas in science fiction novels or gadgets seen in a futuristic movie. There is no doubt that technology use has increased dramatically within this decade and these numbers may continue to rise as technology becomes more available to the public. Technology is slowly taking over our life and so many people have grown up surrounded by technology that a life without it is pretty much unimaginable. As technology becomes a bigger part of ourRead MoreThe Adverse Effects of Anti-Social Media Essay662 Words   |  3 Pagesonce voiced his opinion and stated that, It has become exceedingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity. Einstein’s perspicacious accomplishments have made his name equivalent to â€Å"mastermind†. Although the technology was not nearl y as advanced in the early and mid-20th century, when Einstein was quoted, his words of wisdom are nevertheless remarkably relevant to the modern-day era of technology, including text messaging and social media. Cell phone and internet usage are arguablyRead MoreDetrimental Traditional Media and Social Media1460 Words   |  6 Pagestrends, events and happenings in the community. They are fed by information regarding different issues that happen in their day-to-day activities. Also, they are pleased by the good reviews of media but along with its swift development are other effects that harm the environment and the people living in it. Kaiser Family Foundation’s study shows that between the age of eight and eighteen, most kids and teens nowadays are glued to any forms of media. Media is a broad topic to discuss. It may includeRead MoreThe Numbing Effects Of Technology On Self Made Outcasts1552 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Walton SMC 1313 – Foundations of Reflection: Others Dr. Frechette October 30, 2015 The Numbing Effects of Technology on Society: Self-made Outcasts ABSTRACT Technology is becoming detrimental to our abilities to communicate, and empathize with each other. In these days Individuals rarely have a reason to communicate with one another face to face, because they usually communicate over texts or emails. 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The repeated use of social media is harmful to youth becauseRead MoreWhat Impact Does Entertainment Technology Have on Child Behavior?1116 Words   |  5 Pagesproliferation of technology within entertainment has had detrimental effects on those children exposed to them, with many youngsters forgoing the more traditional pursuits in favour of digital interaction with online acquaintances or artificial intelligence. Entertainment now contains a wide variety of technologies including television (standard or interactive), music, computers, games consoles, toys and the internet, to name but a few. The aim of this study is to identify whether these technologies have an

Leadership Essential to The Development of Ethical Decision

Question: Discuss about the Leadership essential to the Development of Ethical Decision making in Modern Organisations? Answer: Is leadership essential to the development of ethical decision making in modern organisations? Leadership is not something that you acquire by heredity or is followed by the family legacy. One cannot guarantee that if you graduate from a well to do business school you would be imbibing all the qualities that a leader ideally possesses. Although there can be a possibility that the experience gained might prove to be helpful in the future. Leadership is something that comes to a person naturally and is pretty much intentional that helps the person in his process of growth and development as an individual. A person can only be a leader or show his leadership skills when he has a mass following him. A leader can show off his abilities to plan, lead, organise and control only if he has a group that follows and listens to him religiously. Having understood the meaning of leadership we now go on to describe as to what going by the general term is ethical. If we strictly go by the modern definition of the Oxford Dictionary, it defines ethical as the term that relates to moral principles. (Sandis and Taleb, 2015). It could also be the branch of knowledge dealing with these principles. However the question that tends to arise here is what exactly is termed as a moral act or principle. The concept of a moral act or the principle of morality is something that is very subjective in nature and differs from person to person. However some virtues that are universally recognised and accepted are honesty, loyalty, generosity, kindness, and respect for one another and so on. Once we have a clear idea regarding the important terms that are used in the topic, we would now go on to debate upon whether leadership plays an important role in development of ethical decision making, and I would be writing for the motion. Leadership definitely plays a very important role in an organization in context to the decisions taken, keeping in mind the ethical actions that are to be considered. Leadership helps in the development of ethical decisions that will have a direct impact of the efficiency, productivity and growth of the organization. For the sole purpose of improved efficiency and increased profitability many modern business centres have tried to restructure their strategic business acumen under the influence of leaders. The leaders or in case of the organizations, help in taking such decisions that not only lead them to profitable situation but also those decisions are morally right. Here morally right implies those decisions that would help in the betterment o f others along with the growth of the institution. (Selart and Johansen, 2011) The crux of organizational behavior lies in the principles of virtue and values of what is right and wrong. This lays down the foundation for the leaders, which they can utilize to the fullest to positively influence the decisions that are undertaken in an organization. The essential element for taking decisions which in all probability are morally correct or at least be virtuous is the presence of an effective leader. A leader is responsible for bringing about change in any organization with his effective leadership. (Jones and Millar, 2010). Without a proper leader who does not have the requisite leadership qualities in him, however is not fit for leading a business organization. There are some basic qualities that a leader ought to possess which would enable him to take ethical decisions in an organization. However it should be kept in mind that a leader himself should be following the principles of ethics or should be for that matter a good human being who follows a code of condu ct in his life. (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). He should be a man of principles who improvises the correct and just decisions in an organization. The key for successful leadership are: Sense of mission The leaders a very well aware of the reason as to why the organization exists and what is expected out of the people and the organization. His thoughts should be well articulated, knowing exactly regarding the steps that are to be taken or the kind of strategic planning that should be adopted for the organization. This should however be planned in such a way that it does not jeopardize his moral principles or the code of conduct that is set forth in the organization. Vision An effective leader clearly knows where he wants to see his business few years down the line. A vision that should be so enigmatic that the people in the organization themselves are encouraged to work towards the vision. (Collins, 2014). Goal- A practical leader will know how to measure the specific progress is made in terms of the goals the organization achieves in a span of time. What is the mission for and what will the vision lead to? All this can be measured with the help of goals or the measurable productive work that has been done by the organization. Competency-A leader is like the role model for everyone in the organization. The employees, the stake holders and the public in general believe him to be an expertise in his respective field. Thus he should be capable enough to manage things the people and the organization smoothly and effectively. Leaders mostly acquire competency in the process of learning and experiences they gain from the organization. Communication skills- A leader has the potential to get his work done through the people. This is only possible when he can get his thoughts across the people. Even if nothing works out well for him, the head of any organization should ensure that he is in constant touch with his employees. (Ford and Richardson, 2013). Here, I would avoid using the term subordinates as an ethical rather good leader would never view his employees to be under him, instead he would perceive them to be working along with him. Inspiration One of the most important characteristic of a leader is that he should be like the ideal role model in front of the people. He should be like the mitochondria or the power house of the organization, constantly encouraging, guiding and directing the employees. This is the most important point while we consider the development of ethical decision. The leader himself should try and idealistic setting an example for the people. If the leader has qualities like he is just, is kind, is honest, is loyal to the organization , is helpful , is righteous etc., then it is very likely that other members in the organization would try to follow his foot step and try to be like him. This would therefore help him making ethical decisions with the support of the people in the organization. (Craft, 2013). Having done so, we would now highlight the six golden pillars of character that every leader possesses in a business setting in order to ensure that the decisions that are taken are ethical. This can be only done as stated above only if the leader has the capability of differentiating between the right and wrong and is determined to only work on those principles that will result in the benefit for all. Fairness ability to be just and fair without any prejudices or favouritism, Keeping everyone informed about all the decisions, going by the rules of the game. Trustworthiness- not being deceptive, loyal, reliable, honest and not going against your words. Respect one of the most important mantra that needs to follow is treat others how you wish to be treated by them, being polite, respecting the differences of opinions amongst the people and being patient enough to listen. Responsibility being accountable for your own actions, having self-control, always aiming for excellence and thinking before acting. Caring being helpful, kind, compassionate towards others, being altruistic whenever possible. Citizenship trying to bring an improvement in ones own community and environment around us, trying to operationalize democratic institutions and always works within the boundaries of law. (Donlevy and Walker, 2011). Going by these virtues, if a leader, the executives or the managers adhere to these principles while carrying out their daily activities, it would lead to a creation of a healthy yet ethical environment which would also motivate the employees to work in the same manner. An organization without proper leadership is like a herd of cattle, with no direction, no goal or mission. They would go all haywire if their herder does not come and lead the way. Ethical decisions can be developed in an organization only when there is a leader supervising the whole system. The leader is the backbone of the organization on the basis which it stands upright. This goes without saying that every organization has a leader of some sort or the other. However history is witness to the fact that those leaders who got involved in unethical practices brought catastrophe on themselves as well as the organization. For instance, the Lehman brothers in the U.S, Enron and his fraudulent schemes of accounting, Salomon Brothers and their false auction scandal of the treasury and many others. (Ciulla, 2014). This brings up two points vividly before us; first, any organization without a leader without ethics and principles is bound to face a downfall. Second, no organization can survive for long if the leader does not have the capability to take ethical decisions. This clearly states our motion that without a proper leadership there can be no development of any ethical decision in the modern organization. Even if there are decisions taken without a leader or a coordinator it cannot be trusted with as the company would be able to sustain for long. As given in the examples, if the leader himself is unethical, then again the outcome is the same. Not only leadership is a basic necessity for ethical decision but also ethical leadership. This is the key for sustenance of any successful modern organization. (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2015). To the arguments put forth, there are counter questions that are likely to arise. There could be a question where someone can bring up that In todays contemporary business organization, something that plays a very important role in taking ethical decisions is the opinion of the masses. How does leadership play a role there? To this the response could be that, undoubtedly opinion plays a very important role in decision taking mechanism. Nothing can go unnoticed from the public eye or the opinion of the majority. However, as already described that there is a need for someone who would channelize these opinions in a proper direction and articulate in such a way that the just demands are accepted and in turn executed. Thus even if opinion holds more important in the ethical decision making, there is least possibility of it being properly vented out or implemented if not for the presence of a leader who would act like guiding light leading the path. Another question that could be raised is In a world where nobody is even near to perfect, how can one expect a leader to be idealistic, unmoved by a biases always taking ethical decision? To this, the response could be what we are try to put across this piece is that leaders should try and be idealistic in the sense that they should try not set any wrong examples in from of the employees. It is human nature to make mistakes but it is also human nature to learn from mistakes. Thus the leader should make an extra effort to be careful in his moves, not to behave in a hasty manner that can prove to be a bad influence in front of people. The people are guided by their leaders whether good or bad, so the leader should make an attempt to be a good example. The argument above clearly brings out the need for a proper leadership for the development of decision making in an organization. The leaders need to keep a positive approach towards the organization in order to execute the ethical decisions that are made. (By and Burnes, 2013) The ethical behavior should be practised on a regular basis by the leaders and the others around him. Ethical decisions should be respected and also rewarded. Ethics and leadership are like the two sides of the same coin. Leadership has no meaning without ethics. We must try to instil this philosophy and make ethics a way of life. References: By, R.T. and Burnes, B. eds., 2013.Organizational change, leadership and ethics: Leading organizations towards sustainability. Routledge. Ciulla, J.B. ed., 2014.Ethics, the heart of leadership. ABC-CLIO. Collins, D., 2011.Business ethics: How to design and manage ethical organizations. John Wiley Sons. Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), pp.221-259. Donlevy, J.K. and Walker, K.D., 2011. Leadership and ethics. 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